bsc-v
24 Jul 2025
7 min read
Variational Principles, Constraints, and Least Action
Euler-Lagrange calculus, D'Alembert and modified Hamilton principles, multipliers, and constrained examples.
Blog Posts 👇
bsc-v
23 Jul 2025
8 min read
Python Functions, Parameters, Scope, and Recursion
A function is a named block that receives input through parameters and sends a result back with return. Functions separate a numerical method ...
bsc-v
22 Jul 2025
7 min read
One- and Two-Dimensional Arrays in Python
An array stores related values under one name and selects each element by an index. In introductory Python, lists provide the required one- an...
bsc-v
21 Jul 2025
7 min read
Python Conditionals, Loops, and Iteration
Control structures decide which statements run and how often they run. Python uses indentation, rather than braces, to mark every conditional ...
bsc-v
20 Jul 2025
7 min read
Python Types, Arithmetic, Precision, and Input-Output
Python attaches a type to every value. The type determines how a value is stored and which operations are meaningful. Numerical programs mainl...
bsc-v
19 Jul 2025
6 min read
Algorithms, Flowcharts, and Program Structure
A scientific program begins with a method, not with Python syntax. The method is first stated as an algorithm, checked as a flowchart or pseud...
bsc-v
18 Jul 2025
6 min read
Optical Rotation: Biot's Laws and Fresnel's Theory
Circular birefringence, rotation-angle calculation, experimental verification, and specific rotation.
bsc-v
17 Jul 2025
7 min read
Retardation Plates, Babinet Compensator, and Polarization Analysis
Production and detection of polarization, quarter- and half-wave plates, Babinet compensation, and Stokes analysis.
bsc-v
16 Jul 2025
6 min read
Anisotropic Crystals, Double Refraction, and the Nicol Prism
Uniaxial and biaxial crystals, ordinary and extraordinary waves, double refraction, and Nicol-prism operation.
bsc-i
16 Jul 2025
5 min read
Relativistic Doppler Effect
Longitudinal, angular, and transverse relativistic Doppler shifts with explicit sign and angle conventions.
