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Particle Physics: Conservation Laws
The conservation laws of energy, momentum, and charge govern all processes. In particle physics, additional empirical conservation laws are also crucial. They are:
- Conservation of baryon number
- Conservation of lepton number
- Conservation of strangeness
- Conservation of isospin
- Conservation of electric charge
Particle Physics: Particle Classification
Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa proposed in 1935 that the nuclear force is mediated by a new particle, a meson, whose exchange between nucleons causes the force. He predicted its mass to be about 200 times that of an electron, earning him a Nobel Prize in 1949. Because the new particle would have a mass between that of the electron and that of the proton, it was called a meson (from the Greek meso, “middle”)
Particle Physics Introduction
Basic Electronics: Semiconductors
In 1839, Becquerel discovered that some materials generate an electric current when exposed to light. This is known as the photoelectric effect and is the basis of operations of solar cells. Solar cells are made of semiconductors.
- Note: Semiconductors are materials that act as insulators at low temperatures, but as conductors when energy or heat is available.
PG-III Lecture Topics
LASER Rate Equation
Stark Effect in Hydrogen Atom
In the hydrogen atom, the energy levels are determined by the principal quantum number \(n\), and for a given \(n\), the energy is given by:
Approximation Method
Perturbation theory is a powerful tool in quantum mechanics used to study systems where the Hamiltonian can be separated into a known part \(H_0\) and a small perturbation \(H'\). The goal is to find approximate solutions to the Schrödinger equation for the full Hamiltonian \(H = H_0 + H'\) by treating the perturbation as a small correction to the known system.