Page 8 of 11 for Home | Rajesh Kumar

Reflection and Refraction at a Dielectric Interface

Phase matching, reflection and refraction laws, Fresnel formulae, Brewster's law, and power coefficients.

Charge relaxation, complex propagation constant, attenuation, conductor impedance, and skin depth.

Plane-wave propagation, transversality, refractive index, dielectric constant, and wave impedance.

The SHM equation and solution, phase, energy exchange, and time-averaged energies.

Orbital speed, period, energy, altitude, geostationary condition, and weightlessness for circular satellites.

Derivation of elliptical planetary orbits, equal areas, and the period law from inverse-square gravity.

Planar motion under a central force, angular-momentum conservation, areal velocity, and centrifugal force.

Postulates of quantum mechanics

For a normalized state and a Hermitian observable $\hat A$, define the centred operator and standard deviation by

For a photon,